Factors of Professionalism and Computer Professional Bodies

Components of Professionalism and Computer Professional Bodies Substance Instructional exercise One3 Instructional exercise Two7 Instructional exercise Three..10 Instructional exercise Ââ Four..13 Instructional exercise Ââ Five..15 References.18 Week 1 Professionalism Gathering Discussion (a) There are a wide range of meanings of an expert. Examine all in all terms what you believe are the most significant elements to being a calling. Rank the elements you have arranged by significance. Consider why you feel a few variables are a higher priority than others. There is conversation about who is an expert. Some said proficient is a one who is acceptable specifically work or taking part in a given movement as a wellspring of business or as a profession. The gathering individuals concurred the definition as follows, a gifted occupation, inside a sorted out system, having an acknowledged assemblage of information, organized preparing, requiring support of aptitudes, guided by a set of accepted rules An expert is an individual who gets formal affirmation from proficient body dependent on his scholastic foundation or/and work understanding and furthermore whose ability could be decided against set up gauges. All the gathering individuals for the most part concurred that the most significant variables to being a calling incorporate serious extent of information, relationship with an expert body, adherence to the implicit rules, organized preparing, moral conduct, confided in ability, and duty to consistent improvement of a calling. Fitness is the capacity to distinguish the issue and tackle it by using accessible assets. So it is the most significant factor Scholastic foundation, scholarly will assist the expert with learning the specific information on calling. The educated information may demonstrate a supportive device for a capable expert. Great relational abilities help in managing customers, partners and bosses. An expert with great relational abilities will have the option to fundamentally progress admirably. Unwavering quality/Dependability is a factor of significance and may now and then override different variables. Respectability of an expert drives him/her to follow the hard working attitudes and set of accepted rules on a basic level. Self-assessment and control is a factor that rouses the people to accomplish more and to improve the abilities. (b) Differentiate between an expert and a specialist. Does an expert should be a specialist? As modifiers, the contrast among master and expert is that master is phenomenally fit or learned while proficient is of, relating to, or as per the (normally exclusive expectations) of a calling. As things the contrast among master and expert is that master is an individual with broad information or capacity in a given subject while proficient is an individual who has a place with a calling. An expert isn't really a specialist. (c)ã‚â Is a PC individual with a significant level of information and expertise consequently viewed as an expert? No, can't be considered as an expert except if he practices and increase understanding and play out the action as a wellspring of job or as a vocation. Singular Questions (a) The BCS meaning of an expert and two different definitions. Compareã‚â the definitions, what do they share for all intents and purpose? The BCS considers a specialist an expert, on the off chance that one has (BCS Professional): Fitting degrees. Aptitudes and competency. Inspiration for self-improvement (hypothetically and for all intents and purposes). Regard for set of accepted rules. Two different definitions: Individual officially affirmed by an expert assortment of having a place with a particular calling by goodness of having finished a necessary course of studies or potentially practice. Furthermore, whose fitness can as a rule be estimated against a set up set of principles. an expert (of a vocation) has an elevated level of instruction and preparing. In like manner it says proficient need training and practice. (b) The job of the BCS. The job of the BCS. IT Members portrayal. To set up associations with industry and the scholarly world. To set up associations with governments. To work for the improvement of whole human culture. (c) A review of other expert bodies that exist for the IT business. The Association of Computer Professionals (ACP) is a universal body began in 1984. Its key point is to set and keep up ICT industry norms by giving an autonomous assessment body to ICT experts. The enrollment of the ACP is a blend of scholarly and business experts inside the field of registering. IACSIT is an enrolled universal logical relationship of recognized researchers occupied with Computer Science and Information Technology. The IACSIT individuals incorporate innovative work place heads, staff dignitaries, office heads, educators, research researchers, engineers, researchers, experienced programming improvement chiefs, directors and designers, college postgraduate and undergrad building and innovation understudies, and so on. The National Computing Center (NCC) is a free participation association for IT experts and is the single biggest and most assorted corporate enrollment body in the UK IT segment. Socitm (Society of Information Technology Management) is the participation relationship for all ICT experts working in neighborhood specialists and people in general and third areas, and providers to those segments. Socitm gives a broadly regarded gathering to the advancement, use and improvement of ICT best practice. Set up in 2001, the UKWDA (UK Web Design Association) unites in excess of 10,000 British web industry experts under one steady umbrella association. Ladies in Technologystarted in 2005 in view of one objective: to assist ladies with building fruitful and fulfilling professions in the IT business. Foundation of Analyst and Programmers, The Institution is Britains driving proficient association for individuals who work in the turn of events, establishment and testing of business frameworks and PC programming. The UK IT Association (UKITA) was built up as the private area association answerable for the advancement of a solid and flourishing IT industry over the United Kingdom. Week 2 Professional Bodiesand the BCS Gathering Discussion What might be the fundamental jobs and reason for the BCS? To improve a general public Offer and trade IT ability and information Supporting experts Setting guidelines and structure To construct solid relationship with the scholarly community, industry, strategy producers and governments to advance IT. What do you consider to be the advantages of turning into a BCS part? Proficient turn of events Additional preparation openings Systems administration Tutoring Employability Proficient acknowledgment in the IT area Best help from peers through IT gatherings How would you think your work openings profit by joining the BCS? BCS furnishes a stage to speak with Entrepreneurs, Departmental heads, CEOs and so forth. This systems administration helps in getting greater business openings. From the video cut it tends to be seen that good examples are significant in all callings. From a recorded point of view, for what reason are the accompanying individuals significant: Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing, Timothy John Berners-Lee, Bill Gates, Gordon More (of Mores law), Philip Don Estridge, Steve Jobs, John Von Neumann? Charles Babbage: Pioneer of programmable PC. Ada Lovelace: The main software engineer. Alan Turing: Widely considered as the dad of man-made brainpower. Timothy John Berners-Lee: The pioneer and innovator of WWW. Bill Gates: Co-organizer of Microsoft. Gordon More: The Mores law predicts the innovation progression in processing industry Philip Don Estridge: Father of IBM PC. Steve Jobs: Chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. John Von Neumann: The originator and pioneer of straight programming, self-duplicating machines, stochastic figuring. Talk about three other current good examples inside the PC (IT) industry, state why they are considered as good examples. Today practically all website page use jQuery. jQuery is the most well known JavaScript library being used today, with establishment on 65% of the main 10 million most noteworthy dealt destinations on the Web.John Resig is an American programming designer and business visionary, most popular as the maker and lead engineer of the jQuery JavaScript library.ã‚â At the youthful age made jQuery and with the honorable idea he made as open source. To me he is incredible good example for his difficult work and better model in increasing the value of the general public. Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941 c. October 12, 2011) was an American PC scientist.He made the C programming language and, with long-term associate Ken Thompson, the Unix working framework. He is a legend whose developments are critical to the advanced figuring. He increased the value of the general public by adding to the general public. Imprint Elliot Zuckerberg: Co-author of Facebook. To make unrest in the internet based life world. Singular Questions Discover two other expert bodies (not BCS) and analyze the points and statements of purpose of each. Socitm (Society of Information Technology Management) is the enrollment relationship for all ICT experts working in nearby specialists and people in general and third divisions, and providers to those segments. Socitm gives a generally regarded gathering to the advancement, use and improvement of ICT best practice. The National Computing Center (NCC) is a free participation association for IT experts and is the single biggest and most different corporate enrollment body in the UK IT division. Examination A large portion of the point and crucial the over two are comparative . SOCITM conveys Professional turn of events, Peer support, Policy impact, Research improvement NCC conveys a continuum of administrations including; free and fair-minded counsel and backing, best practice and principles, individual and expert turn of events, oversaw administration conveyance, mindfulness raising and exper

Green Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Green Economics - Essay Example Green financial aspects have so far been viewed as outer to standard financial aspects and there is a great deal of conversation about whether they have any significant focuses in comparable. Green financial matters expresses that on the planet we live in, needs caring for and if our every day exchanges or dealings with one another influence the normal air, at that point it ought to be considered in dynamic. As the common assets are rare, we can not utilize them inefficiently, in this manner, our utilization of them ought to be noted. Additionally, as our activities influence other individuals, for example, a business choice influencing its purchasers, providers, laborers, investors, bank, the general public and network and so on, our activities can likewise influence non-human things, for example, plants, creatures, the earth or the biology and the distinctive regular frameworks that exists around us. Green financial aspects comprehensively includes the common habitat as well while discussing social equity and other monetary issues and has scrutinized a portion of the suppositions made by the old style financial matters. Hence, it is frequently called non-neoclassical financial matters. ... Firms and individual likewise act independently on the premise on data and they have immaculate information. The suppositions of neoclassical speculations incorporate the benefit augmenting conduct of firms and the deduction of interest bends from the shopper impassion bends and spending lines to amplify their utility. Variables of creation are dissected by gracefully bends. It stresses on balance and the collection of individual and firms' requests and flexibly bends. Bodies which shape up singular conduct or are considered not as significant are not accentuated. The regular financial aspects has taken a great deal from this neoclassical methodology in its suspicions and at the fundamental microeconomics level. In spite of these inferences, there have been numerous people and financial specialists who have condemned the neoclassical hypotheses, particularly when it went to the absence of consideration given to nature or the biology. Green pundits state that standard financial experts think about natural and environmental contemplations as externalities, which are an expense or advantage emerging from a monetary exchange or arrangement that influences an outsider or individuals who are not straightforwardly identified with the exchange. Regular financial matters expect that the general public's inclinations are fixed and doesn't change or advance with time or examination. The green financial analysts have regularly likewise indicated doubt about free enterprise which alludes to a monetary framework where proprietorship is in private hands and financial choices are made by the market economy. They don't accept that the imperceptible hand as called by Adam Smith settles on the best choices. The hypothesis that personal circumstance of people make them act with a specific goal in mind which brings

How to Unpack the Standards and Use Learning Targets in Your Classroom

How to Unpack the Standards and Use Learning Targets in Your Classroom Veteran teacher Heather explains the importance of unpacking the standards and using learning targets in order to determine if students are learning from our lessons. She provides several teaching strategies that you can try to make sure that you are gathering data and supporting students to see their levels of mastery. by Heather Aulisio One of the challenges we face in the classroom is trying to determine whether our students are really learning from the lessons we develop and deliver. How do we know if they are working towards mastery of a standard? In this blog post, we will examine how you can unpack the standards and use learning targets in your classroom. What are learning targets? As an educator, you are probably already using learning targets, but may not realize that is what they’re called. Learning targets are statements of intended learning. You’re required to list objectives in your lesson plans, but you should be informing students of your teaching intentions prior to your lesson. Learning targets are specifically for students. It tells them what you expect them to be able to do after you’re done teaching. Did you know that you can really get students’ attention and focus when it comes to learning targets? Once you do, anyone can walk into your classroom, ask any child what they are doing in class today, and the child will be able to clearly communicate the standards-based expectations. If this sounds like something you want to happen in your classroom (who wouldn’t?), read on to learn how you can create a system for using learning targets in your room. Morning Message A morning message is a powerful thing. It is possibly the one moment in class you have everyone together, with undivided attention, alert, and ready to go. Because morning messages are conducted first thing in a lesson, you should definitely consider communicating or reviewing learning targets for the day, or unit. You can do this verbally and incorporate a brief discussion (great for activating prior knowledge or doing informal assessments), or you can jot them down somewhere that’s easy for everyone to see. Learning Target Monitoring Sheets How cool would it be to list all your learning targets on a piece of paper that monitors if and when your students have been successful with your aspirations for them? You could keep these monitoring sheets in a folder by your lesson plans, you could keep them in their math portfolios (easy to pull out during a conference), or you could even staple them onto tests for parents to see which targets have been hit, and which ones have been missed so they understand they will be remediated (or better yet, how they can help them at home). Bulletin Board If you have a little extra space in your classroom, dedicate it to learning targets. The targets should be easy to read and written in student-friendly language. Keep it short, simple, and sweet. It should be visible in a place students can see each day so they understand the long term goal of a unit. This is also nice to have in your room when you get observed (especially informally) so your administrators see that you’re involving students in your long term plans and goals, and that it’s driving your instruction appropriately. Even parents will be able to quickly view what their child is doing if they pop in to help out or meet with you for a conference. Encourage Using “I Can” Statements How many times have you heard your students saying, “I can’t?” This can be incredibly frustrating to the both of you. Instead of focusing on the negative, focus on the positive. Encourage “I can” statements. At the end of each week, as a closing activity, ask each child in your room to self-assess. As educators, we spend so much time organizing our classrooms, decorating, finding games and engaging projects, and designing lessons that “click” with all kinds of learners, we often tend to skim over the little things that can be incredibly important. When looking at your standards, it is imperative that your students understand why you’re teaching them the things that you are, and what you want them to know and do as a result of that. Consider some of the simple suggestions above to start the year off right and to establish a clear and direct learning process. Do you use Learning Targets in your classroom? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Heather Aulisio is a third grade teacher in Pennsylvania. She has been a teacher for nearly 15 years and holds multiple degrees and certifications. A freelancer for The Mailbox and other education-related clients and publications, she enjoys writing in order to help and entertain fellow teachers. She currently resides with her husband, Bryan; son, Matthew; and two pugs, Lily and Leo.

Literary Analysis The Great Gatsby - 1806 Words

Literary analysis: The Great Gatsby To truly achieve The American Dream is nearly impossible without personal sacrifice, as evidenced by The Great Gatsby by F. Scott. Fitzgerald. As the characters, especially Gatsby himself, eventually learn, there is no way to make the fantasy of a perfect life a reality. There are ways to imitate the results, such hiding one’s true self from others, as Gatsby attempts with Nick, or an all-encompassing devotion to one thing or person, as if that thing or person will finally make the seeker feel complete, in Gatsby’s case: Daisy. Eventually, the only way to truly enjoy your success and the American dream is learning to appreciate what you have, as Daisy does when she cuts ties with Gatsby and stays with Tom. Every character in this book is guilty of deception of their true feelings. Myrtle cheats on her husband with Tom, and is willfully blind to the fact that she will never be his social equal, no matter how many nice things he buys for her. The day she meets Nick for example, she has friends over to the apartments Tom bought for her â€Å"her personality had also undergone a change, the intense vitality...Converted into impressive hauteur... she expanded as the room grew smaller around her† (30). Nick s describes how being surrounded by the nice things Tom bought for her influences her behavior. She wants to appear rich, and upper class, like she belongs with Tom, so she puts up a facade to convince the other party goers. Similarly,Show MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The Great Gatsby 1673 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2015 Literary Analysis of The Great Gatsby Dreams are a compelling force in people’s lives. They are what propel them forward each and every day in an effort to reach something better. The American Dream has been sought after by millions all over the world for hundreds of years. This country was founded on the belief that anyone could achieve their dreams. However, in the 1920s these hopes and aspirations began to splinter until they ultimately shattered. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, F. ScottRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Great Gatsby 1490 Words   |  6 PagesJaylinn Cooper Mrs. Fowler English III March 3, 2017 Literary Analysis of The Great Gatsby The 1920s in America, known as the Roaring Twenties, was a time of celebration after a destructive war. It was a period of time in America characterised by prosperity and optimism. There was a general feeling of disruption associated with modernity and a break with traditions.The Roaring Twenties was a time of great economic prosperity and many people became rich and wealthy. Some people inherited oldRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Great Gatsby1142 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis of The Great Gatsby Literature is medium that allows authors to express personal beliefs and value to others in a variety of ways. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, regarded as one of the best writers in America, wrote The Great Gatsby to convey his perception of American society in the early 20th century. Fitzgerald uses a specific orientation of storytelling to render his purpose of writing the novel. The Great Gatsby revolves around Jay Gatsby. His mysterious background and behaviorRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Great Gatsby Essay1898 Words   |  8 PagesSameet K. Mann Ms. Rowe IB English 7 September 2016 Literary Analysis: The American Dream The century old concept of the American Dream is the belief that no matter what race, gender, religion or background a person is from, she/he has the ability to become successful through the means of hard work and determination. Unlike today, Americans during the 1920s lived in the illusion that achieving the American Dream involved immoral actions and only the satisfaction of their greedy pleasures. ThisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Literary Analysis1049 Words   |  5 PagesLama 1 Verdiana Lama Mr.Joannes ENG 4UN July 18, 2017 Money gets to your head The pressures of social class tend to give us an urgency to act a certain way. In The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald, He carefully sets up his novel into wonderful agencies but, in the long run, every group has its personal issues to take care of, leaving a powerful reminder of what a precarious region the world truly is. By creating awesome social instructions which include new moneyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Literary Analysis741 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald was on the the greatest pieces of American literature ever constructed. F. Scott Fitzgerald is considered one of the five greatest authors in American history. His Book â€Å"The Great Gatsby† was named the third most important book in American literature. An article by John A. Pidgeon it says â€Å"I am absolutely convinced that â€Å"The Great Gatsby† is one of the finest of american literature†(Pidgeon) â€Å"The Great Gatsby† is clearly a highly thought of piece of literatureRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Great Gatsby1787 Words   |  8 PagesThe Great Gatsby, published in 1925, is hailed as masterpiece of American fictions of its time. It is noted for the remarkable way its author captures a cross-section of American society during the 1920s. The author, F. Scott Fitzgerald offers up a commentary on the American society of which he was a part. He successfully encapsulates the mood of a generation during a politically and socially crucial and chaotic period of American history. In fact, The Great Gatsby is a brilliant piece of EnglishRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2128 Words   |  9 PagesLiterary Analysis of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby is an incredible novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald, a prolific American author, and published by Scribner’s. Nevertheless, during its first release, the book sold poorly and received mixed reviews. In fact, Fitzgerald died in 1940 considering himself and his works a failure. However, the onset of the Second World War revived the novel, which later became an essential component of high school curricula and differentRead Moresparknotes vs cliffnotes830 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding the literary elements, character developments, and plot development that a author uses to help create the story. Both sites provide similar information, ranging from overall plot summaries and character analysis, but Sparknotes goes more into the literary aspect of the book, while cliffnotes focuses more on the character and his motives. In analyzing Jay Gatsby, Cliffnotes focuses much more on Gatsby himself and his underlying motives to his character, like â€Å"In assessing Gatsby, one must examineRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald921 Words   |  4 Pagesof The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald relays the first encounter with the protagonist of the novel, and is also were his use of literary techniques emotionally involves the reader whilst effectively telling the story so brilliantly. Also his varied use of diverse methods of structure and form, than what has been previously seen in his commentaries, allows the readers to explore the events of the naive narrator, Nick, with other people other than the materialistic and drunk lifestyle that Gatsby and his

Functionalist View of Changes in Family Free Essay Example, 5500 words

The nuclear family of Britain during the past century evolved according to the functionalist perspective because it was best suited to an industrial society. Its smallness of scale makes for ease of social mobility. It fits the needs of an advanced industrial society, in the same way, that larger extended families fitted the needs of an agricultural society (Covington, 1995, p. 2). Functionalist sociologists would say a new situation has come about, in which activities in the home are shared so society has entered into a new stable state. In truth, the functionalist point of view is that the increasing numbers of working women have been caused a negative effect on family life. They would argue that as soon as the wife acquires her own earnings, the balance of power and harmony of the typical marriage is altered and the family unit suffers. Each member of the family must assume different specific roles in order to function properly, for example, the father specialized in instr umental leadership, which are impersonal or formal, such as providing financial support for the family (Parsons, 1954). The stay-at-home mother, on the other hand, emphasized expressive leadership, which are personal and informal, such as supportive and emotional nurturing to all family members (Wallace Wolf, 1999, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Functionalist View of Changes in Family or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The functionalist opinion is that families should be functional for both society and individuals. To accomplish this ideal, families follow the same essential criteria, the man married to a woman raising children. This ideology does not judge the single-parent family household to be practical and certainly does not hold those alternative lifestyle partnerships as beneficial to society.

“Freeze!” †Creative Writing Free Essays

The loaded fork stopped short of the man’s mouth. His eyes scanned the room to find out where the shout came from, his eyes followed to the door of the room and stopped. There in the doorway he could make out four officers, guns ready should he move unexpectedly. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Freeze!† – Creative Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Put your hands where we can see them!† A moment passed as the man wondered whether or not to eat his last forkful before doing as he was told. He thought better of it and put the fork, still loaded on to his plate. Slowly he raised his arms in the air. Officers streamed into the cramped room, surrounding the man there were as many as could fit with space enough to raise a gun. Some officers were what seemed to be too close to the table, but they could not retreat for the officers behind them. One man passed out from the sight, he was dragged out before he caused a commotion. The seated man smiled at the officer’s weakness and followed his limp body out of the room with his eyes. There continued a small bustle as the man was arrested, read his rights, cuffed, masked and shackled. He was walked out of the room, up the flight of stairs that led from the basement flat and out in to the street, where he could see how important he was. Squad cars, and two SWAT vans littered the already dark street. The man could just make out the head of the police department sat comfortably in his black, government car. The man was shoved into the back of an armoured van which already contained three well built men. They were fully equipped with batons and cattle prods. The man decided it best to sit quietly and enjoyed the ride in the windowless van. He shut his eyes and dreamed as he swayed with the jolts the dirt road gave the van. What seemed like hours had passed when the van finally stopped. A minute later, the doors opened and the man was pulled out, still cuffed, masked and shackled. He was escorted into a large important looking building filled with blue uniformed men. The man was led through a maze of corridors and pass checks. They came to a narrow, brightly lit, warm corridor with sound proofed walls and bullet-proof Perspex panels and doors that opened in on to neat holding cells. He was taken down to the last cell on the left, even though all the other nine cells were empty. His cuffs and mask were taken off but they left the shackles, he was politely asked to step inside the cell. He thanked the two officers that had been left with him and walked into the cell. The door was locked behind him. The officers out of duty asked if he wanted anything. â€Å"I’m a bit hungry.† The blood drained from the younger officer’s face. â€Å"I was wondering if I could finish my meal?† From the look on their faces he could tell the answer was no. â€Å"Maybe I could have a snack, a packet of crisps or something?† Their faces seemed to relax. â€Å"What flavour?† Quested the young officer. â€Å"Bacon if possible.† The man saw the young officer recoil, the older officer seemed better trained and showed no emotion. â€Å"We’ll see what we can do.† The older officer stated. â€Å"Thank you,† the man responded, â€Å"By the way, do you know how long I’m going to be here? I mean will I just have to wait for a little bit or will I have more time that I could waste sleeping or something?† â€Å"We don’t know. Do what you see fit.† The older officer motioned the younger officer to follow and they walked out of the man’s view. The man settled down and took in his surroundings. Three white walls and one Perspex panel and door held him captive. There was a smooth cot bed made up too perfection with cream blankets and sheets. A steel toilet stood quietly in the corner with a small matching basin next to it. Nothing else furnished the room. The man sat down on the floor and leaned against the cot. With the cool metal side of it in his back he knew he would not be comfortable in this position for long, but he was too lazy to move yet. The man shut his eyes and began to dream. His dreams were plagued by food for he was hungry. He had been interrupted during his dinner and so his belly was not full or content. He dreamed of a starter of soft Cornish crackers, smothered with liver pà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. For the main course a beautifully cooked meat pie, soaked in gravy with a very small salad on the side. For dessert a tray of mince pies. He always wondered why they never actually had any real mince in them but even so he delighted in eating them, just for their name. Just as he finished his first mince pie and was about to reach out for another, a soft knocking on the door interrupted him. He opened his eyes to the older officer standing outside the cell staring at him. The man stood and stepped forward towards the glass. The officer stepped back and from his pocket produced a shiny packet. â€Å"I only have roast chicken flavour left.† The man looked at the officer puzzled. â€Å"It must have been confiscated from a convict, nobody will miss it I assure you.† The officer spoke too quickly. He placed the packet in the food tray on the floor and slid it shut so that the drawer’s content was now on the inside of the cell. The man picked it up. â€Å"Thank you very much. I wasn’t expecting anything at all. Thank you again.† The man sat on the cot and proceeded to open the packet of crisps. He placed the bag close to his face and smelled its contents. He looked back at the glass and was surprised to see the officer still there. He smiled and pulled out a wafer of potato. As he crunched into it, the officer turned and walked away, the man thought he saw a smile on the officers face but could not be sure. It almost looked as if the officer was longing for something, but the man dismissed that idea, why would an officer long for a packet of crisps? The officer probably was feeling sorry for the man. The man ate half the packet and decided to save the rest for later. He put the packet under the cot pillow. He kicked off his shoes, imitation leather, slid on to his side and drifted off to sleep on the cot. A long while later, he was woken up by a buzzer he could not see. He stood in time to see four officers at his cell. He was led through another maze of corridors and pass checks to a small questioning room. He was sat down at a medium sized wooden table with two chairs, one that he occupied. A large mirror took up the wall opposite where the man sat. He suspected it to be a two-way mirror for obvious reasons. He was left there with the shackles clinking softly at his ankles. Two officers entered around a half hour later. One sat down, the other stood in the shadow near the door. The seated officer placed a Dictaphone on the table, switched it on and stated the date, time and the names of all present in the room. The man was shocked that it had been a full 12 hours since he had been caught. Then it began; the barrage of questions. First they started slowly; his name, age, date of birth, height, weight and so on. They gave him time to answer each question fully and only asked another when he looked as if he had nothing more to say. Then they began to speed up. â€Å"When was the last time he had food?† He told of the crisps, interrupting they asked what flavour. â€Å"Roast Chicken.† â€Å"Who gave them to you?† â€Å"Another officer, I don’t know his name.† â€Å"Do we look stupid?† The man did not answer. â€Å"No officer is allowed to give you food.† â€Å"But-† â€Å"No officer would give you chicken flavour crisps.† The man put his head down as in defeat. â€Å"And before that? What was the next before last thing you ate?† â€Å"Lunch.† â€Å"Consisting of?† â€Å"Meat.† The man had raised his head to look the officer in the face before he had replied. A look clouded both officers’ faces. The seated officer rose and motioned the other to sit. This officer was dressed differently, for one she wore a dark blue skirt rather than trousers. Instead of the usual white shirt the men wore, she wore a light blue blouse and a small tailored dark blue waistcoat. â€Å"This, † motioned the now standing officer, â€Å"is officer Ali, first name Aliya. She is very familiar with your type of problem.† â€Å"Hello.† A quiet, slightly shaky voice indicated she was not as good as her introduction. â€Å"Hello Miss.† The man said politely. â€Å"Address the officer properly.† â€Å"Nice to meet you officer Ali.† â€Å"That’s okay officer. Let the man relax.† The standing officer grunted indignantly and walked towards the door to lean against the wall near the light switch. â€Å"Okay. Let’s start.† The young lady produced a bunch of papers from a small briefcase by her feet. â€Å"These are just a few character tests I need you do to so that I can help you. Would you mind taking one of these?† She looked at the officer for approval. He nodded. â€Å"Not at all officer. I know I’m sick and need help. But I haven’t the will power.† The man looked genuine in his feelings. â€Å"Okay. Right. Okay. How often do you eat meat?† She laboured over the last word, as if it was uncommon. â€Å"Not very often only when I can find some. Then I tend to gorge myself on it.† â€Å"And where do you get your†¦meat?† She fuddled over the word again â€Å"An out of town butcher† The man said flatly. â€Å"Really?† She raised her eyebrows in surprise. She suspected he was lying. â€Å"No. I catch it myself. I stalk them and then kill them with a knife, that way not bullets or poison spoils it.† He had lied and had thought better of it to tell he truth. He put his head down again in shame. â€Å"Spoils it?† Her eyebrows now knit together in curios â€Å"The taste is better if there isn’t all that stuff.† He was a little cautious of his answers but he was trying to be as honest as he could, he wanted help and they could only help him if they knew everything. â€Å"Ok. Do you think you could ever stop†¦doing what you are doing?† She struggled again to ask these questions. This was new to her, she had only been doing this for about a month and this was the first man who was this honest. The rest of the offenders usually laid the whole way through. She knew why; they had heard of what would happen to them if they were convicted. â€Å"I hope so. I can go without it for long, weeks at a time but then a craving for it plagues my mind and body.† He looked for some kind of reaction in here eyes. Another inquisitive look knotted hey eyebrows together. â€Å"You have withdrawal symptoms?† â€Å"Yes. I start, dreaming. I’m a good cook. I dream up dishes that I can make. I can make anything out of any bit of meat.† He sounded slightly proud of himself. But then he remembered why he was there and retreated back to feeling sorry for himself. â€Å"Can I ask why you call it meat? Not flesh, or food?† â€Å"If you think of it as what it really is, then you begin to feel guilty. I don’t like feeling bad, so I don’t think of them as anything important, only as bits of meat that taste nice.† It was an answer given matter-of-factly. â€Å"If we put you on a diet of only vegetables would you be able to survive?† She looked for a way out for him, she felt sorry for him. â€Å"Yes of course, I wouldn’t like it though.† This was not going well for the man. She asked the final question that she knew would decide his fate. She wished he would answer correctly but she could give no kind of indication to him as to what his answer should be. â€Å"If you had the chance to have meat again after this interview would you take it?† A slight pause as the man put his head down and answered n a small voice. â€Å"Yes.† Suddenly the door burst in and armed guards rushed into the small room. In desperation the man realised that the rumours of what happened to people like him were true and that he had just sealed his fate. â€Å"I mean no, I wouldn’t. I wouldn’t! I promise, no, no I wouldn’t.† He screamed apologetically, begging for forgiveness and promising that he would be good. He sounded like a little boy begging his parents for one more chance after doing something wrong and knowing he would be punished. The office seated stood up and walked out of the room. She looked back at the man with sympathy but she knew she could do nothing. He had answered wrong. He was dragged out of the room by guards who had been waiting outside the door. â€Å"No! I promise, never again!† The man was taken to a cell not too far from the questioning room. He cried and screamed, kicked and bit. He tried everything to free himself. It didn’t work. He was thrown into a small cell, 4 foot by 3. Blood was spattered on the walls and the man shook as he realised in his mind what was actually going to happen. Three small flaps near the floor opposite the now bolted steel door snapped open. Out of them came a stream of fat brown rats. They circled him, ring upon ring formed round him, the man stood still, his eyes racing round to each small set of beady eyes. Their bright yellow teeth were visible and chattered every so often, all daring each other to jump first. A silent sign made them all pounce on him. He shrieked and tried to pull them off. They bit through his shirt, on his bare arms and at his legs. Many drew blood on their first bite. These were well-trained assassins. They were hungry and wanted meat. The man’s shoes had been kicked during the scrap and now the rats bit at his socks. The man fell on the floor and they swarmed him. Wave upon wave of pain coursed through the man. They were biting all over his body, regardless of whether it was clothed or not. If it were clothed, they would slash an opening and clamber through to the soft skin underneath. The rats were in his shirt, in his trousers biting at everything. The man continued to fight them off, but there were just too many. He kept screaming until one rat dared to jump into in and bite his tongue. The man bit down as hard as he could. Half the rat fell off of him, tail still twitching. He spat the other half out and spat out the rodent’s blood, it mingled with his own from the bite on the tip of his tongue. He stopped screaming but when a rat latched on to his nose he yelped in pain. It’s tail swung into his mouth and he bit it off accidentally swallowing it. Another rat bit down into the flesh between his thumb and fore finger, he tried to shake it off but the momentum plus the weight of the rat caused the flesh to rip and the rat to fly off with part of the man in it’s mouth. It dropped the meat and attacked him again on his other hand hoping for a larger piece. Rats on the man’s belly ripped and clawed their way past the skin, getting to the soft meat beneath it. Five especially fat rats tunnelled through the man into his abdomen and chest. The man could not breathe, as his lungs were half eaten. He coughed up blood and in it was a bit of a rat’s tail. The man retched but nothing came up as his stomach was on the floor in front of him. Eventually the man ceased to move. His efforts for survival had been futile. The rats continued their meal until all that was left was the bones of a man. When they were full they sat in the corners of the room letting the still-hungry rats gorge till they themselves could eat no more. Hours passed and slowly the rats scampered back to their homes on the other side of the flaps, where more food was. When every rat had gone, two officers shut the flaps, opened the door and collected the remains. They remarked about how efficient the rats were getting, this one had died within two hours of being locked in. The other remarked the time was too short and that every non-vegetarian should endure the most torture they could receive before dying. They both agreed that all meat eaters should be put to death and that this was the most fitting way for it too be done but they still continued to argue over how long it should last. Their argument lasted all the way to the dump where they threw the filled bin liners into a newly dug pit, big enough for thirty bags or so. By then they had grown tired of the discussion and were now debating whether to go to the new veggie-restaurant, or go to the usual veggie noodle bar for lunch. How to cite â€Å"Freeze!† – Creative Writing, Papers

Contemporary Issues in Consumer Research Fair Trade Consumption

Question: Describe about the Contemporary Issues in Consumer Research for Fair Trade Consumption. Answer: Introduction Attitudes can positively or negatively have an impact on the behavior of an individual. an individual may not be always be aware about his or her attitude or the impact it has on his behavior. An individual mostly has positive attitude towards work and co-employees that has an positive influence on those around them. An individual with a good attitude are usually noticeable in their behavior. Attitude and behavior interrelate in a different way based upon the attitude in question. Among psychologist, the relationship between attitude and behavior is somewhat divisive (Claiborne and Sirgy 2015). It is sensible from the definition of attitude to presume that behavior will follow attitude attitudes can be infectious and this can influence the behavior of those around them. As a result, it is important for an organization to identify that is possible to manipulate the attitude of an individual as well as his or her behavior. The strength with which an attitude is held is often a good predictor of behavior. The powerful the attitude there is more probability that they should influence behavior. Attitudes that are formed on the basis of direct experience are more strongly held and manipulate behavior more as compared to attitudes formed on the basis of indirect experience (Oliver 2014). Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour models The theory of reasoned action suggests that the behaviour of an individual is determined by the intention of the individual in order to perform the behaviour. It is mostly a theory that associates thoughts and behaviour. Icek Ajzen anticipated this concept in order to improve on the predictive power of the theory of reasoned action by comprising professed behavioural control. According to the theory of planned behaviour model, when an individual have time to plan how they are going react, the best predictor of that behaviour is intention of an individual. Attitudes may not always help to predict behavior The researchers of attitudes acts in response to the criticism related to whether attitudes always predict behavior. Attitudes mostly do a better job of forecasting behavior when both concepts are measured in an identical way. The measure of attitude is quite broad in comparison to the measure of behavior. The consistency related to attitude-behavior differs depending upon the topic that is being studied. In some areas, attitudes do an outstanding job in order to predict behavior however, in other areas they do not. Attitude of an individual, at one extreme towards a particular political candidate predicts whether that individual will or not vote for that candidate. An individual has a tendency to vote for the candidate they favor. At the other extreme, it has been found by researchers that some individuals have low degree of consistency towards donating blood. This indicates that there is a low relation between attitude and behavior and as a result, attitudes may not always help to predict behavior. It may be that a low relation may take place due to other factors that individual views as more imperative than their positive attitude. The behavior of donating blood may be much more complicated to perform than the effortless expression of attitude of an individual through activities like voting. Consistency between attitudes and behavior rely upon the strength of the attitude. However, an attitude varies in strength. A number of investigation have demonstrated that strong attitudes have more probability to predict behavior as compared to weak attitudes (De Charms 2013). Differences among people also affect the consistency between attitude and behavior. In other words, research on the individuality factor called self-monitoring has established that the relation between attitudes and behavior is powerful for low self-monitors as compared to high self-monitors. There have been negative evidence related with attitude-behavior relation that have been published over years however; it was comparatively easier to dismiss every study by pointing to procedural errors. Attitudes are less steadily attached to the basic personality framework even though they always integrate the belief system. The outlook network of the individual also influences attitudes and hence it is subject to change from both sides (Bissing Olson et al. 2013). The study of the attitude-behavior relationship is perplexed by the fact that while behavior is simply understood and a definition is easily agreed upon. The theories of attitudes do not apply equivalently to all individuals at all times. There are several mediator variables that can enhance the forecast behavior. The relationship between attitude and behavior are not one-sided but dialectical. Preceding behaviors can also form and strengthen attitudes and on the other hand, attitudes can alter in order to justify habitual behavior that is difficult to reverse. Attitudes can only predict behavior if strength of habit and other factors are reviewed. The following example will predict the fact clearly that attitudes may not always help to predict behavior (Kim and Ross 2015). Aim: To examine the relationship between attitudes and behavior Method: LaPiere travelled around America along with a Chinese couple and expected to meet bias due to anti Chinese feeling. At that time, prejudice against the individuals in Asia was extensive and there was no law against racial unfairness. They visited more than 184 restaurants and 67 hotels. However, after six months when they returned all the establishments that they visited was sent by a letter, asking whether they will accept Chinese guests. Results: The Chinese guests were only declined at one establishment that they visited however; they were treated very graciously. However, out of the 128 establishments that acted in response to the letter, 91 percent reported that they were not willing to accept guests from China. Conclusion: The above story indicates that attitudes do not always predict behavior. Cognitive and affective elements of attitudes are not essentially articulated in behavior. When attitudes are used to predict behavior, it would be impacted by diverse variables that include the methods of attitudes measurement. The attitudes measurement includes attitude strength, social norm and past experience. The relationship between behavior and attitude is not related in a one-to-one fashion. The models that mostly deal with the connection between attitudes and behavior are the logical action theory and the intended theory. These two theories are not in clash. The logical action theory was put forward with the believe that behavioral purpose is the result of the amalgamation of prejudiced norm and attitude towards the behavior and the behavioral purpose leads to the behavior (Kroenung and Eckhardt 2015). Marketers are mostly interested in the key causes of the failure of attitude in order to predict the behavior of the customers. Attitudes might fail to predict behavior of an individual if the cognitive involvement of the individual is not high. In that case, an individual might effectively make use of the information that will give rise to their attitudes. However, with low level of involvement, attitudes will not be strong enough and as a result, it will be less predictable. In other words, the attitude-behavior relationship is weak if the individuals are not able to resolve the discrepancy through amplification (Jaccard and Blanton 2014). A human being is mostly considered as intelligent creatures and they expect causes to exist for their behavior. In order to determine whether attitudes predict behavior, it is imperative to understand which behavior and which attitudes. Measurement factors were always considered as a problem during the early attitude research. On the one hand, behavior is measured specifically however; attitude was measured in a rather general way. A general attitude is used to predict a general behavior. In other words, if an individual shows a positive attitude towards the environment, it is expected that the individual will have a combination of several behavior. The individual might recycle, drive a hybrid vehicle or install solar panels in his house. However, it will not be easier to predict which of those behaviors he will be performing. As a result, attitude not always predict behavior. This was one of the key problems that was associated with early research that was used to measure both attit udes and behavior. The four factors facilitate to have a very detailed information about the behaviors that is expected. The first factor is the action performed that refers to the precise behavior such as recycling or consuming locally grown food. The second factor is the target of the action that objects the behavior targets. When attitudes and behaviors are measured with the similar level of specificity. Situational factors help to determine how attitude predicts behavior. It is a situation that characterizes the situation of an individual and puts his behavior in question (Kehoe and Wright 2013). In order to encourage the individuals, it is required to make use of the individuated circumstance that will encourage the individuals to focus on their internal states such as, attitudes, beliefs as well as values. Individuated circumstance leads the individuals to take more responsibility for their individual deeds and therefore it is less possible for an individual to become a part of an anonymous group in such kinds of circumstances. On the other hand, de-individuated circumstance leads to a circumstance that leads an individual to focus less on internal states such as attitudes and feelings. While participating in a group, an individual have a tendency to adopt the perspective of the group (Fazio and Olson 2014). The attitude-behavior gap The attitude-behavior gap is puzzling and attitude towards racism is the place where mostly the gap is found. According to current investigation, it has been found that most individuals who assert not to be racist still have racist contained attitudes. The evolutionary viewpoint to behavior starts with an assumption that however an individual behaves is likely to be adaptive. In other words, the behavior has leaned over the ages to support human achievement in life, leaving more descendents. It has been found that the largest single cause of attitude-behavior gap is that the attitudes are adopted for communal causes. As a result, it mostly guides about what to say in a particular social circumstance rather than rules for definite practical decision-making (Schultz 2016). The view of attitude-behavior gap in ethical consumption serves an imperative ideological function in order to help maintain precisely the kind of neoliberal market rationalities that ethical consumerism and its proponents want to change. In taking this approach, it is suggested that the moralization of expenditure choices through the gap further upholds damaging entrepreneurial capitalism rather than bringing about important social and political change. The ethical consumption attitude-behavior gap facilitates marketers and customers to hold on to confidence about capitalism. The attitude-behavior gap acts as internalized and individualized circumstances that sustain the belief in the customer as a sovereign actor with the power. The gap holds out the principle that capitalism has the ability to save the individuals from the social and economic destruction that capitalism is bringing out in its first place. On the other hand, the gap also brings the difference between a capitalism t hat is flawed and critical and one that creates a more just, sustainable and unbiased world. The misapprehension that requires to be maintained is that closing the morality gap will make a noteworthy difference to the destructiveness of the present system (Carrington, Neville and Whitwell 2014). The prevalent failure of customers to put their ethical attitudes and ethical consumption into action is commonly referred to as the ethical consumption words, such as attitude-behavior gap and ethical consumption inconsistency. The factors that are underpinning the ethical consumption gap are acknowledged with the help of increasing body of promotion and customer academic research. The research widely considers four strategies in order to examine the ethical consumption misbehaviors of individual customers. The first strategy examines that attributes the experiential ethical consumption gap to the social appeal biases of individual customers who mostly exaggerate their ethical consumption intention in research contexts (Martin and Vist 2016). The second strategy assumes the stated ethical consumption purposes are authentic and explore how external factors and the cognitive procedures interior to the individual customer slow down the translation of moral purchase purposes into actual behavior. The third strategy explores the inner life worlds of individual customer to broadcast how multiple and competing identities hinders the purposes of the customers to consume ethically. The fourth and the last strategy examines that reveal the strategies that individual customer use to validate the gap in the behavior of the individuals after the fact (Valente 2015). There are no such studies that are related to ethical-consumption attitude-behavior gap due to the fact that there is no distinction made between decision perspectives. The perspectives are either external to the market or are internal to the market that are arbitrated by the market logic. Capitalist consumerism is predicted on the reproduction of aspiration that the system of production can never completely satisfy. In order to treat the gap as pathology of sorts requires researches of the customers to hypothesize both a commonality of ethical outlook across contexts related to decision-making and a capacity of customers to contain their desire (Andorfer and Liebe 2012). The research on the ethical consumption attitude behavior gap falls under two camps. According to the first camp, there is massive amount of attitudinal research that focuses on methodological and situational problems. Methodological flaws deals with the overreliance on quantitative survey formats that encourage rational queries rather than delving into everyday self-indulgent shopping causes. The second camp deals with interpretive and cross-disciplinary research that has entered the argument on the back of such developments (Moraes, Carrigan and Szmigin 2012). Conclusion It can be concluded that the attitude-behavior gap acts as internalized and individualized circumstances that sustain the belief in the customer as a sovereign actor with the power. The relationship between attitude and behavior rose when researchers started measuring attitudes and behaviors with the similar level of specificity. There have been negative evidence related with attitude-behavior relation that have been published over years however; it was comparatively easier to dismiss every study by pointing to procedural errors. A behavioral area is a set of related behavior. The accessibility of attitudes is related to the significance of the attitude to the behavior for the individual. it can also be concluded that attitudes are less steadily attached to the basic personality framework even though they always integrate the belief system. Attitudes that are activated can only have an impact on behavior. On the other hand, highly accessible attitudes are more easily activated. It ca n also be concluded that the evolutionary viewpoint to behavior starts with an assumption that however an individual behaves is likely to be adaptive. References Andorfer, V.A. and Liebe, U., 2012. Research on fair trade consumptionA review.Journal of business ethics,106(4), pp.415-435. Bissing Olson, M.J., Iyer, A., Fielding, K.S. and Zacher, H., 2013. Relationships between daily affect and pro?environmental behavior at work: The moderating role of pro?environmental attitude.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(2), pp.156-175. Carrington, M.J., Neville, B.A. and Whitwell, G.J., 2014. Lost in translation: Exploring the ethical consumer intentionbehavior gap.Journal of Business Research,67(1), pp.2759-2767. Carrington, M.J., Neville, B.A. and Whitwell, G.J., 2014. Lost in translation: Exploring the ethical consumer intentionbehavior gap.Journal of Business Research,67(1), pp.2759-2767. Claiborne, C.B. and Sirgy, M.J., 2015. Self-image congruence as a model of consumer attitude formation and behavior: A conceptual review and guide for future research. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 1-7). Springer International Publishing. De Charms, R., 2013.Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior. Routledge. Fazio, R.H. and Olson, M.A., 2014. The MODE model: Attitude-behavior processes as a function of motivation and opportunity.Dual process theories of the social mind, pp.155-171. Jaccard, J. and Blanton, H., 2014. The Origins and Structure of Behavior: Conceptualizing Behavior in Attitude Researo.The handbook of attitudes,125. Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), pp.366-391. Kim, Y. and Ross, S., 2015. The Effect of Sport Video Gaming on Sport Brand Attitude, Attitude Strength, and the Attitude-Behavior Relationship.Journal of Sport Management,29(6). Kroenung, J. and Eckhardt, A., 2015. The attitude cubeA three-dimensional model of situational factors in IS adoption and their impact on the attitudebehavior relationship.Information Management,52(6), pp.611-627. Martin, D.M. and Vist, T., 2016. Reducing the Attitude-Behavior Gap in Sustainable Consumption: A Theoretical Proposition and the American Electric Vehicle Market. InMarketing in and for a Sustainable Society(pp. 193-213). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Moraes, C., Carrigan, M. and Szmigin, I., 2012. The coherence of inconsistencies: Attitudebehaviour gaps and new consumption communities.Journal of Marketing Management,28(1-2), pp.103-128. Oliver, R.L., 2014.Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Pratkanis, A.R., Breckler, S.J. and Greenwald, A.G., 2014.Attitude structure and function. Psychology Press. Schultz, S., 2016.Investigating Factors that Influence an Ecological Attitude-Behavior Gap among Oregonians(Doctoral dissertation, Oregon State University). Valente, M., 2015. Ethical differentiation and consumption in an incentivized market experiment.Review of Industrial Organization,47(1), pp.51-69.

Speaker identification and verification over short Essay Example For Students

Speaker identification and verification over short Essay distance telephone lines using artificial neural networksSPEAKER IDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION OVER SHORTDISTANCE TELEPHONE LINES USING ARTIFICIAL NEURALNETWORKSGanesh K Venayagamoorthy, Narend Sunderpersadh, and Theophilus N Andrewemailprotected emailprotected emailprotectedElectronic Engineering Department,M L Sultan Technikon,P O Box 1334, Durban, South Africa. ABSTRACTCrime and corruption have become rampant todayin our society and countless money is lost each yeardue to white collar crime, fraud, and embezzlement. This paper presents a technique of an ongoing workto combat white-collar crime in telephonetransactions by identifying and verifying speakersusing Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Resultsare presented to show the potential of this technique. We will write a custom essay on Speaker identification and verification over short specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 1. INTRODUCTIONSeveral countries today are facing rampant crime andcorruption. Countless money is lost each year due towhite collar crime, fraud, and embezzlement. In todayscomplex economic times, businesses and individualsare both falling victims to these devastating crimes. Employees embezzle funds or steal goods from theiremployers, then disappear or hide behind legal issues. Individuals can easily become helpless victims ofidentity theft, stock schemes and other scams that robthem of their moneyWhite collar crime occurs in the gray area where thecriminal law ends and civil law begins. Victims ofwhite collar crimes are faced with navigating a dauntinglegal maze in order to effect some sort of resolution orrecovery. Law enforcement is often too focused oncombating street crime or does not have the expertiseto investigate and prosecute sophisticated fraudulentacts. Even if criminal prosecution is pursued, a criminalconviction does not mean that the victims of fraud areable to recover their losses. They have to rely on thcriminal courts awarding restitution after the convictionand by then the perpetrator has disposed of or hiddemost of the assets available for recovery. From the civillaw perspective, resolution and recovery can just be adifficult as pursuing criminal prosecution. Perpetratorsof white collar crime are often difficult to locate andserved with civil process. Once the perpetrators havebeen located and served, proof must be provided thatthe fraudulent act occurred and recovery/damages areneeded. This usually takes a lengthy legal fight, whichoften can cost the victim more money than the frauditself. If a judgement is awarded, then the task ofcollecting is made difficult by the span of time passedand the perpetrators efforts to hide the assets. Oftenafter a long legal battle, the victims are left with aworthless judgement and no recovery. One solution to avoid white collar crimes and shortenthe lengthy time in locating and serving perpetratorswith a judgement is by the use of biometrics techniquesfor identifying and verifying individuals. Biometrics aremethods for recognizing a user based on his/her uniquephysiological and/or behavioural characteristics. Thesecharacteristics include fingerprints, speech, face, retina,iris, hand-written signature, hand geometry, wrist veins,etc. Biometric systems are being commerciallydeveloped for a number of financial and securitapplications. Many people today have access to their companysinformation systems by logging in from home. Also,internet services and telephone banking are widely usedby the corporate and private sectors. Therefore toprotect ones resources or information with a simplepassword is not reliable and secure in the world oftoday. The conventional methods of using keys, accesspasswords and access cards are being easily overcomeby people with criminal intention. Voice signals as a unique behavioral characteristics isproposed in this paper for speaker identification andverification over short distance telephone lines usingartificial neural networks. This will address the whitecollar crimes over the telephone lines. Speakeridentification 1 and verification 2 over telephonelines have been reported but not using artificial neuralnetworks. Artificial neural networks are intelligent systems thatare related in some way to a simplified biological modelof the human brain. Attenuation and distortion of voicesignals exist over the telephone lines and artificialneural networks, despite a nonlinear, noisy andunstationary environment, are still good at recognizingand verifying unique characteristics of signals. Multilayerperceptron (MLP) feedforward neural networkstrained with backpropagation algorithm have beenapplied to identify bird species using recordings ofbirdsongs 3. Speaker identification based on directvoice signals using different types of neural networkshave been reported 4,5. The work reported in thispaper extends the work reported in 5 to short distancetelephone networks using ANN architectures describedin section 4 of this paper. The feature extraction, the neural network architecturesand the software and hardware involved in thedevelopment of the speaker identification andverification system are described in this paper. Resultswith success rates up to 90% in speaker identificationand verification over short distance telephone linesusing artificial neural networks is reported in this paper. 2. SPEAKER IDENTIFICATION ANDVERIFICATION SYSTEMA block diagram of a conventional speakeridentification/verification system is shown in figure 1. The system is trained to identify a persons voice byeach person speaking out a specific utterance into themicrophone. The speech signal is digitized and somedigital signal processing is carried out to create atemplate for the voice pattern and this is stored inmemory. The system identifies a speaker by comparing theutterance with the respective template stored in thmemory. When a match occurs the speaker is identified. The two important operations in an identifier are theparameter extraction and pattern matching. In parameteextraction distinct patterns are obtained from theutterances of each person and used to create a template. In pattern matching, the templates created in theparameter extraction process are compared with thosestored in memory. Usually correlation techniques areemployed for traditional pattern matching. ADC ParameterExtractionPatternMatchingMemoryTemplateOutputDevicemicFigure 1: Block Diagram of a Conventional SpeakerIdentification/Verification System. .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 , .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 .postImageUrl , .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 , .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44:hover , .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44:visited , .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44:active { border:0!important; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44:active , .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44 .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ac99a9a77b678142032b6a77f6f2b44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: HIV: The Search For A Vaccine EssayThe speaker identification/verification system overtelephone lines investigated in this paper using artificialneural networks is shown in figure 2. FeatureExtractionNeural NetworkClassificationSpeaker IdentityorSpeaker AuthenticityTelephoneSpeech SignalFigure 2: Block Diagram of the SpeakerIdentification/Verification System using an ANN. In this paper, the speaker identification/verificationsystem reported is a text-dependent type. The system istrained on a group of people to be identified by eachperson speaking out the same phrase. The voice isrecorded on a standard 16-bit computer sound card fromthe telephone handset receiver. Although the frequencof the human voice ranges from 0 kHz to 20 kHz, mostof the signal content lies in the 0.3 kHz to 4 kHz range. The frequency over the telephone lines is limited to 0.3kHz to 3.4 kHz and this is the frequency band of interestin this work. Therefore, a sampling rate of 16 kHzsatisfying the Nyquist criterion is used. The voices arestored as sound files on the computer. Digital signalprocessing techniques are used to convert these soundfiles to a presentable form as input vectors to a neuralnetwork. The output of the neural network identifiesand verifies the speaker in the group. 3. FEATURE EXTRACTIONThe process of feature extraction consists of obtainingcharacteristic parameters of a signal to be used toclassify the signal. The extraction of salient features is akey step in solving any pattern recognition problem. Fospeaker recognition, the features extracted from aspeech signal should be consistent with regard to thedesired speaker while exhibiting large deviations fromthe features of an imposter. The selection of speakeruniquefeatures from a speech signal is an ongoingissue. Findings report that certain features yield betteperformance for some applications than do otherfeatures. Ref. 5 have shown on how the performancecan be improved by combining different types offeatures as inputs to an ANN classifier. Speaker identification and verification over telephonenetwork presents the following challenges:a) Variations in handset microphones which result insevere mismatches between speech data gatheredfrom these microphones. b) Signal distortions due to the telephone channel. c) Inadequate control over speaker/speakingconditions. Consequently, speaker identification and verificationsystems have not yet reached acceptable levels ofperformance over the telephone network. Severalfeature extraction techniques are explored but only thPower Spectral Densities (PSDs) based technique isreported in this paper. The discrete Fourier transform ofthe telephone voice samples is obtained and the PSDsare computed. The PSDs of three different speakers A,B and C uttering the same phrase is shown in figures 3,4 and 5 respectively. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000-80-60-40-20Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)Frequency HzFigure 3: PSD of Speaker A0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000-100-80-60-40-20Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)Frequency HzFigure 4: PSD of Speaker B0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000-150-100-50Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)Frequency HzFigure 5: PSD of Speaker CIt can be seen from these figures that the PSDs of thspeakers differ from each other. Ref. 5 has reportedsuccess on speaker identification up to 66% and 90%with PSDs as input vectors to multilayer feedforwardneural networks and Self-Organizing Maps ( SOMs)respectively. 4. PATTERN MATCHING USING ARTIFICIALNEURAL NETWORKSArtificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are intelligentsystems that are related in some way to a simplifiedbiological model of the human brain. They arecomposed of many simple elements, called neurons,operating in parallel and connected to each other bysome multipliers called the connection weights orstrengths. Neural networks are trained by adjustingvalues of these connection weights between theneurons. Neural networks have a self learning capability, arefault tolerant and noise immune, and have applicationsin system identification, pattern recognition,classification, speech recognition, image processing,etc. In this paper, ANNs are used for pattern matching. The performance of different neural networarchitectures are investigated for this application. Thipaper presents results for the MLP feedforward networkand the self-organizing feature map. Descriptions ofthese networks are given below. 4.1. MLP FEEDFORWARD NETWORKA three layer feedforward neural network with asigmoidal hidden layer followed by a linear output layeis used in this application for pattern matching. Theneural network is trained using the conventionalbackpropagation algorithm. In this application, anadaptive learning rate is used; that is, the learning rate isadjusted during the training to enhance faster globalconvergence. Also, a momentum term is used in thebackpropagation algorithm to achieve a faster globalconvergence. The MLP network in figure 6 is constructed in theMATLAB environment 6. The input to the MLPnetwork is a vector containing the PSDs. The hiddenlayer consists of thirty neurons for four speakers. Thenumber of neurons in the output layer depends on thenumber of speakers and in this paper it is four. sigmoidal activation functionlinear activation function1st speakerNth speakerVectorof PSDs Figure 6: MLP NetworkAn initial learning rate, an allowable error and themaximum number of training cycles/epochs are theparameters that are specified during the training phaseto the MATLAB neural network program. 4.2. SELF-ORGANIZING FEATURE MAPSThe second type of neural network selected for thisinvestigation is the self-organizing feature map 7. Thisneural network is selected because of its ability to learna topological mapping of an input data space into apattern space that defines discrimination or decisionsurfaces. The operation of this network resembles theclassical vector-quantization method called the k-meansclustering. Self-organizing feature maps are moregeneral because topologically close nodes are sensitiveto inputs that are physically similar. Output nodes willbe ordered in a natural manner. .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 , .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 .postImageUrl , .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 , .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15:hover , .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15:visited , .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15:active { border:0!important; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15:active , .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15 .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4fbbef56c46457914065d1eaf78aa15:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Research Paper on Chewing Tobacco EssayTypically, the Kohonen feature map consists of a twodimensional array of linear neurons. During the trainingphase the same pattern is presented to the inputs of eachneuron, the neuron with the greatest output value isselected as the winner, and its weights are updatedaccording to the following rule:w t w t x t w t i i i ( ) () () () + = + ;#8722; 1 a (1)where wi(t) is the weight vector of neuron i at time t, is the learning rate and x(t) is the training vector. Those neurons within a given distance, theneighborhood, of the winning neuron also have theirweights adjusted according to the same rule. Thisprocedure is repeated for each pattern in the training setto complete a training cycle or an epoch. The size of theneighborhood is reduced as the training progresses. Inthis way the network generates over many cycles anordered map of the input space, neurons tending tocluster together where input vectors are clustered,similar input patterns tending to excite neurons insimilar areas of the network. 5. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPEAKEIDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION SYSTEMThe work that is being reported in this paper isimplemented in software. The telephone speech icaptured and processed on a Pentium II 233 MHzcomputer with a 16 bit sound card. The telephonereceiver is interfaced to the sound card. Telephonspeech is captured over signals transmitted within 10kilometres of transmission network. Digital signalprocessing and neural network implementations arecarried out using the MATLAB signal processing andneural network toolboxes respectively. This work iscurrently undergoing and an implementation of a realtimespeaker identification and verification system ovetelephone lines on a digital signal processor isenvisaged. 6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSThe MLP network is trained with the PSDs of eightvoice samples recorded at different instants of timeunder controlled and uncontrolled speaking conditionsof four different speakers uttering the same phrase at alltimes. Controlled speaking conditions refer to noise anddistortion free conditions unlike uncontrolled speakingconditions which have noise and distortion on thetransmission lines. The number of PSD points for eachvoice sample is about 500. As mentioned in section 4.1,an adaptive learning rate is used for the MLP network. The initial learning rate is 0.01. The allowable sumsquared error and maximum number of epochsspecified to the MATLAB neural network program i0.01 and 10000 respectively. It is found that the sumsquared error goal is reached within 1000 epochs. A success rate of 100% is achieved when the trainedMLP network is tested with the same samples used inthe training phase. However, when untrained samplesare used, only a 63% success rate is obtained. This isdue to the inconsistency in the PSDs of the inputsamples with those used in the training phase. The MLPnetwork is also tested with unseen voice samples ofpeople who are not included in the training set and thenetwork successfully classified these voice samples asunidentified. Four speakers are identified using the self-organizingfeature map like in the case of the MLP network. Aninitial learning rate of 0.01, an allowable sum squarederror of 0.01 and a maximum of 70000 epochs arespecified at the start of the training process to theMATLAB neural network program. The results with theself-organizing feature map shows a drastic change inthe success rate in identifying the speakers as reportedin 5. With PSDs as inputs, a success rate of 85% and90% is achieved under uncontrolled and controlledspeaking conditions respectively. Ref.5 has reported that success rate can be increasedto 98% under uncontrolled speaking conditions byusing Linear Prediction Coefficients (LPCs) as inputs toSOMs which remains to be yet to be tried out in thiswork. Currently, with the PSDs as inputs a lot ofcomputations is involved and the SOM takes a lot oftime to learn. 7. CONCLUSIONSThis paper has reported on the feasibility of usingneural networks for speaker identification andverification over short distance telephone lines and hashown that performance with the self-organizing map ishigher compared to that with the multilayer feedforwardneural network. Different feature inputs to the selforganizingmap remains to be tried out in order toachieve higher identification/verification ratesminimizing the training time and the size of thenetwork. Speaker identification with telephone speechsignals over long distance telephone lines is currentlbeing investigated using similar techniques. This paper has shown that speaker identification ispossible over the telephone lines and thereforetelephonic bank and other transactions can beauthenticated. Hence a technique to combat and/orreduce white collar crime. 8. REFERENCES:1 D.A.Reynolds, Large population speakeidentification using clean and telephone speech, IEEESignal Processing Letters, vol. 2 no. 3 March 1995, pp. 46 48. 2 J.M.Naik, L.P.Netsch, G.R.Doddington, Speakerverification over long distance telephone lines,Proceedings of IEEE International Conference onAcoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP),23-26 May 1989, pp. 524 527. 3 A.L.Mcilraith, H.C.Card, Birdsong RecognitionUsing Backpropagation and Multivariate Statistics,Proceedings of IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, vol. 45, no. 11, November 1997. 4 G.K.Venayagamoorthy, V.Moonasar,K.Sandrasegaran, Voice Recognition Using NeuralNetworks, Proceedings of IEEE South AfricanSymposium on Communications and Signal Processing(COMSIG 98), 7-8 September 1998, pp. 29 32. 5 V.Moonasar, G.K.Venayagamoorthy, Speakeridentification using a combination of differentparameters as feature inputs to an artificial neuralnetwork classifier, accepted for publication in theProceedings of IEEE Africon 99 conference, CapeTown, 29 September 2 October 99. 6 H.Demuth, M.Beale, MATLAB Neural NetworkToolbox Users Guide, The Maths Works Inc., 1996. 7 T.Kohonen, Self-organizing and associate memorySpring Verlag, Berlin, third edition, 1989.

How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist Resume

How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist Resume as the medical professionals who often (quite literally) get patients back on their feet, occupational therapists are more ins)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

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Risk Management - Essay Example These risks are likely to affect the construction of high rise building that may result into delay in completion of the high rise project and overrun of cost allocated for the project. The brand name of the construction company is also likely to be affected by these risk factors. The exposure to the identified risk factors is likely to affect the high rise construction project as it would impact the project cost and schedule of the construction of the high rise building. Thus the prioritization of risk is done based on the anticipated overrun of cost and time of the high rise construction project. The delay in approval from the government, conflict of interest over the proposed construction, etc. may lead to delay in completion of the high rise construction thereby incurring additional expenses for the project. Since the high rise building is being constructed in a commercial district, the schedule of construction is extremely important as the floors are to be sold to the corporate houses which have paid a considerable proportion in advance. The allocated budgetary expenses for construction also need to be met as overrun of cost would lead to financial risk for the construction company. Thus schedule risk and financial risk is the most important in construct ion of the high rise building (Karim, 2012, p.1). Apart from the schedule and financial risk, the technical political and social risks are also important. Technical risk may occur due to lack of communication between the company and its workers due to which the quality of construction may be hampered. Political interventions may crop up on issues like labour wages, safety of the workers, etc. Apart from the political risk, any form of non-cooperation by the labour, injunctions from the people of the community may pose social risk which is considered by the company for building a high rise in the commercial district. After identification of the possible risks, the treatment of these

Reading Response Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Response - Article Example For instance, in order to write a word that connote a plural of two in Arabic, individuals are supposed to add ‘een’ in that word. Look at this example, the word quiz in English it is going to be â€Å"quizeen† and an ‘at’ is added to ‘quiz’ to make it ‘quizat’ when there are more than two quizzes. This became a common trend and words like friendeen-friendat, teachereen-teacherat, sistreen-sistrat, and classeen-classat were commonly in use by both instructors and students. What’s more, the author is supporting Smith’s (1976, pg. 12) argument which state ‘any international language must serve both the local and the international needs by developing alongside other languages’. Subsequently, the author fails to elucidate to us the effects this assumption will have in causing more complications in the communication process between the natives and non-natives. Conversely, it is significant to note that English as one of the international languages is losing its monopoly to control the world socio-economic due to the emergence of the new translation technology. The emergence of new translation technology has risen concerned on how long English language, will continue to dominate the other local and international languages. Therefore, can we conclude that the emergence of the new translation technology will affect English as one of the predominant international languages? Additionally, Quirk et al (972 pg. 28) argued that for English language to serve the appropriate purpose of pedagogical, the instructors and academic administrators must get seriously involved in the exploration for appropriate policies that will determine the standardization. Global teaching of English language should be integrated. Besides this, individuals like Kachru (1997, pg. 10) argued that the spread of English in both inner circle, outer cycle, and expanding circle has led to development of many

Consensus and Conflict Theories of Education

Consensus and Conflict Theories of Education What are the principal differences between consensus and conflict approaches to the sociological analysis of education? The sociological study of education focuses upon the effects that social institutions and individual characters have upon the education system. Education is often seen as positive social practice which thrives to identify personal skills and talents, and subsequently build upon them. Consensus social theorists support this approach with structural functionalism claiming education to have many positive functions. Education is essential to maintain the modern workforce. This view, however, is not universal; with Marxists taking a contradictory view that education works to reproduce social inequalities, therefore providing negative functions for society. This conflict approach claims that the education system does not promote equality but instead transmits capitalist norms and values, benefitting the ruling class and leaving the working class at a disadvantage. One of the main purposes of education, according to the consensus approach of functionalism, is that of socialization. This is described by Bilton (1996: 12) as the process through which individuals ‘learn the ways of thought and behaviour considered appropriate in society. Primary socialization is administered informally by the family. This process is then continued with the provision of a more formal style of secondary socialization by other institutions within society. According to Durkheim (1925) and Parsons (1959), both key consensus theorists, education plays an essential role in this secondary socialization, albeit in different ways, by performing functions that the family is unable to. This is done through the teaching of specific skills for specialised occupations, but also, possibly more importantly in Durkheims eyes, through the socialization of the common norms and values of society. The teaching of religious and historical beliefs helps to create a child with a sen se of identity within the community. Fulcher and Scott (2007: 321) feel it was, however, the moral aspect of the secondary socialization provided by the education system that concerned Durkheim the most. Through discipline within school, children are taught morally acceptable behaviour. However, rather than simply being forced to obey, it is essential that they are made to understand and appreciate the moral code of wider society, causing them to go on to choose to behave in a moral way. Hargreaves (1982) commented on the idea that the education system should promote social solidarity, the concept of providing pupils with a sense of community. Aspects of school, such as all wearing the same uniform and participating in group charity or sporting events help to provide pupils with a sense of belonging within the school, but also provide links with the wider community, and society as a whole. The moral significance of education is also recognised by Parsons; however it is the value of individual achievement which he focuses upon. This sense of achievement was the central aspect to a functioning industrial society in mid-twentieth-century America, where Parsons was studying. Although their approaches differed, both Durkheim and Parsons focused upon the positive functions of education for society. Another key concept in the consensus approach to the sociological study of education is that of meritocracy. That is the idea, endorsed by Parsons, of a social system in which rewards are gained for individual hard work, talent and ability. In such a situation, people would be rewarded for their effort, and not on the basis of other characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, class. Thus giving all children within the education system an equal opportunity to succeed. An example of an attempt to create a meritocratic school system is that of the tripartite system put in place by the 1944 Butler Act. By the creation of Grammar, Secondary and Secondary Technical schools the government was recognising the need for equality of opportunities, and therefore attempting to suit the abilities of children to right type of schooling. It also provided free education for all children between the ages of 5 and 15, regardless of their class background, emphasising this attempt to create equal op portunity. This system has been criticised, however, as even though it did mean that the 11+ was open to all, the test itself was said to be written in middle class language, therefore meaning that the working class were still left at a disadvantage. This led to it being said that the system was actually leaning towards Marxism, rather than functionalist ideas, as it appeared to reproduce social class inequalities. On the other hand, the conflict approach of Marxism opposes the view that we should assume that the education system serves to meet the needs of society as an entirety. Within society there is a significant conflict of interests, and therefore needs, between capital and labour. This demonstrates a capitalist society in which the ruling class owns the means of production, bringing them power over the working class. We should therefore, according to Marxists, not view education as meeting the needs of society as w hole, but instead as meeting the needs of the bourgeoisie. In order to maintain a state of false class consciousness, capitalism requires a workforce that is obedient, passive and motivated who are prepared to work hard at the benefit of the ruling class without question. According to Bowles and Gintis, the education system was the main means used by capitalism to produce such workers. The correspondence principle (1976: 131) claims that what working class students are taught in schools mirrors that of what goes in the workplace. The qualities that the workforce are required to have are taught to students in schools. This is done through the curriculum and the hidden curriculum (Illich, 1973 in Fulcher and Scott, 2007). Aside from the formal curriculum, the subjects which provide students with academic knowledge, vocational skills and qualifications, Illich identified a hidden curriculum. This hidden curriculum teaches pupils patterns of behaviour such as punctuality, meeting deadlines and accepting authority. The working class are unaware of this covert curriculum that is being imposed upon them. Along with the acceptance of hierarchy, the hidden curriculum also leads the working class to believe that they are part of a meritocratic society; in they will gain the rewards for working hard. Therefore meaning that they will conform in the hope of long term gratification, however it is just another way for the ruling class to keep them passive. It is also helps to justify inequality, as the working class are led to believe that everyone is equal, however, in reality; the middle class are receiving more encouragement. Another way in which the correspondence theory works is by connecting levels reached within the education system to that of occupational levels (Fulcher and Scott: 327). When in the lower levels of the education system, obedience is emphasized, as it is in low-level occupations. This pattern continued with intermediate levels in education when more independent work is encouraged. Once a student reaches higher education they are expected to be both self-motivated and self-disciplines, essentially a completely independent worker, just as those in senior levels of occupation. Therefore, the level a student reaches in education determines the occupational level they will stay at. This is another way in which education reproduces social inequalities. Bowles and Gintis, like the Marxist perspective in general, have however been criticised for being too deterministic. It is too presumptuous to claim that everyone is going to conform to the rules and remain passive. The education system, also, could not produce complete conformity of the working class without the support of the family. As can be seen there are a number of differences and varying ideas between the consensus and conflict approaches to the sociology of education, however they are all based on the idea that functionalism (a consensus approach) identifies education as providing society with positive functions, however the conflict approach recognises the education system as a negative body which reproduces social inequalities and is detrimental to the masses. Where functionalism sees education as meeting the needs of society as a whole, capitalism instead claims for it to serve the needs of the ruling class and ignore those of the rest of society. References Banks, O. 1978. The Sociology of Education. London: Batsford. Barton, L. And Walker, S. 2007. Sociological perspectives and the study of education. In: Meighan, R. and Harber, C. A Sociology of Educating. (Fifth Edition), London: Continuum. pp. 282-298. Bilton, T. et al. 1996. Introduction to Sociology. (Third edition), London: Palgrave Macmillan. Bowles, S. and Gintis, H. 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America: educational reform and the contradictions of economic life. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Fulcher, J. and Scott, J. 2007. Sociology. (Third Edition), New York: Oxford University Press. Trowler, P. 2003. Education Policy. (Second Edition), London: Routledge.